Art Style and Designe used in Construction of Lord Rama Temple in Ayodhya

Ram Mandir art and it's Designer:

1. Which art is used to design and construct Sri Rama temple in ayodhya?
2. What are the specifications of Nagar style?
3. How and when was it emerged?
4. Why is Lord Rama temple is constructed in Nagar Style
5. All other old temples in Ayodhya are also in Nagar Art style?
6. What are the total art style in India?
7. Mathura art style.

Introduction:

The Ram Mandir in Ayodhya, India, was designed by architect Chandrakant Sompura. He comes from a family of temple architects (known as "Somparas") who have a long history of temple design in India. Chandrakant Sompura and his family have been involved in designing and constructing Hindu temples for generations, and the Ram Mandir project in Ayodhya is one of their most prominent works. The design of the temple draws inspiration from ancient Indian temple architecture, particularly the North Indian or Nagara style.

1. Which art is used to design and construct Sri Rama temple in ayodhya?

The Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya, which is dedicated to Lord Rama, is designed and constructed in the traditional Hindu temple architecture style known as **Nagara style**. This style is prevalent in North India and is characterized by its towering spires (shikharas), multiple entrances, and intricate carvings. The temple in Ayodhya follows this ancient architectural tradition, reflecting the cultural and religious significance of Lord Rama in Hinduism.

2. What are the specifications of Nagar style?

The Nagar style of temple architecture, prominent in North India, has several distinctive features and specifications:

1. Shikhara (Spire): 

The main feature of Nagar temples is their tall and curvilinear spire (shikhara) that rises above the sanctum sanctorum (garbhagriha). The shikhara is often pyramidical or conical in shape and can be intricately carved.

2. Mandapa (Hall): 

Nagar temples typically have a hall (mandapa) that serves as an assembly or congregation area for devotees. This hall is often supported by pillars.

3. Garbhagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum): 

The innermost sanctum of Nagar temples houses the main deity, surrounded by walls typically devoid of elaborate decoration to emphasize the deity.

4. Entrances: 

Nagar temples often have multiple entrances, usually aligned with cardinal directions, leading into the temple complex.

5. Carvings and Sculptures: 

The outer walls of Nagar temples are adorned with intricate carvings depicting mythological themes, deities, celestial beings, and floral motifs.

6. Material: 

Traditional Nagar temples are constructed using stone, with some parts possibly embellished with plaster and paint.

7. Overall Layout: 

The layout of Nagar temples is symmetrical and geometrically aligned, often reflecting cosmic symbolism in its design.

8. Circumambulation:

 Devotees can perform pradakshina (circumambulation) around the sanctum sanctorum, typically in a clockwise direction.

Nagar style architecture evolved over centuries and continues to influence temple construction in North India, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Gujarat where such temples are prevalent. The Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya is a notable example of Nagar style architecture, reflecting its rich cultural and religious heritage.

3. How and when was it emerged?

The Nagar style of temple architecture emerged in ancient India and evolved over several centuries. Here’s a brief overview of its emergence:

1. Early Development: 

The roots of Nagar style architecture can be traced back to the early centuries of the Common Era. Temples built during the Gupta period (4th-6th centuries CE) and post-Gupta period in North India display early elements of this style.

2. Evolution during Medieval Period: 

The development of Nagar style gained momentum during the medieval period, particularly between the 8th and 12th centuries CE. This period saw the construction of numerous Hindu temples across North India, especially in regions under the rule of dynasties like the Pratiharas, Chandellas, and Chalukyas.

3. Influence of Regional Dynasties:

 Various regional dynasties contributed to the evolution of Nagar style architecture, each adding their own regional characteristics and innovations. For example, the temples of Khajuraho (built by the Chandella dynasty) are renowned for their intricate sculptures and detailed ornamentation, which became a hallmark of Nagar style.

4. Iconic Examples: 

Several iconic temples, such as the Kandariya Mahadeva temple at Khajuraho, the Vishwanath temple at Khajuraho, the temples of Bhojpur and Bateshwar, and the temples at Ellora and Elephanta caves, exemplify the Nagar style’s maturity and artistic expression during different periods.

5. Spread and Continuity: 

Nagar style architecture continued to flourish in subsequent centuries and influenced temple construction not only in North India but also in parts of Central and Western India. Temples dedicated to various deities were built following the principles of Nagar style, contributing to its spread and continuity.

Overall, Nagar style architecture emerged gradually through contributions from various regions and dynasties, reflecting both continuity and innovation in Hindu temple construction over the centuries. Its evolution showcases the artistic and architectural achievements of ancient and medieval India.

4. Why is Lord Rama temple is constructed in Nagar Style?

The decision to construct the Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya in the Nagar style of architecture is influenced by several factors:

1. Cultural Continuity:

 Ayodhya is traditionally considered the birthplace of Lord Rama, a central figure in Hinduism and the epic Ramayana. Constructing the temple in Nagar style aligns with the cultural and religious significance of Ayodhya as a sacred place associated with Lord Rama.

2. Regional Tradition: 

Nagar style architecture is prevalent in North India, including Uttar Pradesh where Ayodhya is located. This style has been historically used for constructing temples dedicated to various Hindu deities in the region, making it a natural choice for the Sri Rama temple.

3. Architectural Significance: 

Nagar style architecture is known for its towering spires (shikharas), spacious halls (mandapas), and intricate carvings. These features are well-suited for a temple of significance and pilgrimage like the Sri Rama temple, providing ample space for devotees and emphasizing the grandeur and importance of the deity.

4. Aesthetic Appeal: 

The elaborate carvings and sculptural details typical of Nagar style architecture serve not only functional purposes but also enhance the aesthetic appeal of the temple. They help create a spiritually uplifting environment for devotees who visit the temple to worship Lord Rama.

5. Historical Context: 

Given the long-standing demand and historical significance associated with the construction of the Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya, adhering to a traditional architectural style like Nagar ensures a sense of continuity with ancient temple-building practices and architectural heritage.

In summary, the choice of Nagar style for the Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya is rooted in its cultural, regional, architectural, and aesthetic considerations, reflecting the reverence and importance attached to Lord Rama and the historical context of Ayodhya as his birthplace.

The decision to use Nagar style architecture for the Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya instead of Mathura art style could be attributed to several reasons:

1. Regional Relevance:

 Ayodhya, located in Uttar Pradesh, falls within the cultural and historical domain where Nagar style architecture has traditionally been prevalent. Nagar style temples are common in North India, including Uttar Pradesh, whereas Mathura art style is more associated with the ancient city of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh and nearby regions.

2. Cultural Significance: 

Ayodhya is primarily known as the birthplace of Lord Rama, and thus, the cultural and religious traditions associated with the city emphasize the construction of temples in styles that have historical and regional relevance. Nagar style architecture aligns well with these traditions and is seen as a fitting choice for a temple dedicated to Lord Rama.

3. Architectural Suitability: 

Nagar style architecture, with its characteristic tall spires (shikharas), spacious halls (mandapas), and elaborate carvings, provides a suitable architectural framework for a temple intended for pilgrimage and worship. It offers ample space for devotees and emphasizes the grandeur and sanctity of the deity.

4. Historical Precedent: 

There is a historical precedent for using Nagar style architecture for temples dedicated to deities of great significance, particularly in North India. This tradition ensures continuity with past temple-building practices and architectural heritage in the region.

5. Devotional Appeal:

 Nagar style architecture is known for creating a spiritually uplifting environment through its intricate carvings and sculptural details, which can enhance the devotional experience of worshippers. This aspect is particularly important for a temple dedicated to Lord Rama, a revered figure in Hinduism.

In summary, while Mathura art style has its own distinct characteristics and historical significance, the choice of Nagar style for the Sri Rama temple in Ayodhya is likely influenced by its regional relevance, cultural traditions, architectural suitability, historical context, and the desire to create a spiritually enriching environment for devotees of Lord Rama.

6. All other old temples in Ayodhya are also in Nagar Art style?

In Ayodhya, while many temples historically followed the Nagar style of architecture, there are also other architectural styles represented due to the city's rich cultural and historical heritage. Ayodhya has been a center of religious and cultural activity for centuries, leading to the construction of temples in various architectural styles, though Nagar style remains prominent. Here are some insights:

1. Nagar Style Temples: 

Several prominent temples in Ayodhya, especially those dedicated to Lord Rama and other Hindu deities, are indeed constructed in Nagar style. This includes temples like the Kanak Bhavan temple and the Nageshwarnath temple, among others.

2. Other Architectural Styles:

 Ayodhya also features temples built in other architectural styles, reflecting the diversity of influences over time. For example:

   - Buddhist Influence: Some structures from ancient times may reflect elements of Buddhist architecture due to Ayodhya's historical connections with Buddhism.

   - Mughal Influence: During the Mughal period, architectural styles from that era, such as Indo-Islamic architecture, influenced some buildings in Ayodhya.

3. Historical Evolution: Over the centuries, Ayodhya has seen a continuous evolution in temple architecture, incorporating various styles based on the prevailing cultural, religious, and political influences of different eras.

4. Recent Developments: In recent times, efforts to construct or renovate temples in Ayodhya, including the Sri Rama temple, have often drawn on traditional architectural styles like Nagar to maintain continuity with the city's cultural and religious heritage.

Overall, while Nagar style architecture is predominant in many temples of Ayodhya, the city's architectural landscape also reflects a blend of other styles, illustrating its rich and diverse historical past.

7. What are the total art style in India?

India is known for its rich and diverse architectural styles, influenced by various historical periods, regional cultures, and religious traditions. Some of the prominent architectural styles found across India include:

1. Nagara Style:

 Predominant in North India, characterized by tall and curvilinear spires (shikharas), multiple entrances, and intricate carvings. Examples include the temples of Khajuraho and Varanasi.

2. Dravidian Style: 

Common in South India, notable for its towering gateway towers (gopurams), large halls, and sculptured pillars. Famous examples include the Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur and the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.

3. Vesara Style: 

A blend of Nagar and Dravidian styles, often found in central India and parts of Karnataka. It combines elements like multiple shrines, stepped pyramidal towers, and pillared halls.

4. Indo-Islamic Architecture: 

Developed during the medieval period under Islamic rule, characterized by arches, domes, minarets, and intricate geometric and floral patterns. Examples include the Taj Mahal in Agra and the Jama Masjid in Delhi.

5. Mughal Architecture: 

A specific subset of Indo-Islamic architecture known for its grandeur, use of white marble, domes, and symmetrical layouts. Examples include the Red Fort in Delhi and the Fatehpur Sikri complex.

6. Maru-Gurjara Architecture: 

Found in Western India, particularly in Gujarat and Rajasthan, known for its ornate carvings, step wells (baolis), and fortified structures (forts and palaces).

7. Chalukyan Architecture: 

Flourished in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh during the Chalukya dynasty, characterized by intricate carvings, pyramidal towers, and monolithic rock-cut temples. Examples include the temples at Pattadakal and Badami.

8. Gandhara Style: 

Developed in the northwestern regions of ancient India (now Pakistan and Afghanistan), influenced by Greco-Roman and Buddhist art. Known for its Buddha statues and relief carvings.

9. Sikh Architecture: 

Associated with Sikhism, featuring domed Gurdwaras (Sikh places of worship), open courtyards, and ornate decorations.

10. Colonial Architecture: 

Reflects European influences from the British, Portuguese, Dutch, and French colonial periods, seen in structures like churches, government buildings, and residences across India.

In addition to the architectural styles mentioned earlier, there are a few more notable styles found across different regions of India:

11. Kalinga Architecture: 

Found in Odisha (formerly known as Kalinga), characterized by intricately carved temples with pyramidical spires (rekha deul) and sculptures depicting stories from Hindu mythology. Famous examples include the Konark Sun Temple and the Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar.

12. Jain Architecture: 

Developed by the Jain community, known for its marble temples with finely carved pillars, domes, and elaborate facades. Examples include the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu and the Shikharji Temples in Jharkhand.

13. Northeastern Tribal Architecture: 

Diverse styles found among various indigenous tribes of Northeast India, often using bamboo, thatch, and wood. Examples include traditional houses (chang ghars) of Assam and the stilt houses of the Mishing tribe.

14. Colonial Indo-Portuguese Architecture:

 Found in former Portuguese colonies like Goa, characterized by whitewashed churches with Baroque and Portuguese Manueline influences, as well as colonial-era mansions and administrative buildings.

15. Bengali Architecture: 

Reflects regional influences in West Bengal and Bangladesh, characterized by terracotta temples (terracotta being a prominent material), curved cornices (dochala), and intricate carvings. Examples include the temples of Bishnupur and the Puthia Rajbari in Bangladesh.

16. Pallava Architecture: 

Found in Tamil Nadu during the Pallava dynasty, known for rock-cut temples, monolithic rathas (chariot-shaped shrines), and sculpted reliefs. Examples include the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram and the Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram.

17. Indo-Saracenic Architecture:

 A blend of Indian and Islamic styles with European influences, developed during British colonial rule. Known for structures like the Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and the University of Madras in Chennai.

These additional styles further underscore the diverse cultural, historical, and religious influences that have shaped India's architectural landscape over millennia. Each style reflects unique regional identities, artistic expressions, and building traditions prevalent in different parts of the country.

These architectural styles highlight the cultural, religious, and historical diversity of India, each contributing uniquely to the country's architectural heritage.

18. Mathura art style

I apologize for omitting the Mathura art style earlier. Here’s an explanation of Mathura art style, which is indeed an important and distinct architectural and artistic tradition in Indian history:

Mathura Art Style:

Mathura, located in Uttar Pradesh, has been a significant center for art and architecture since ancient times, particularly during the Kushan period (1st to 3rd centuries CE). The Mathura art style is primarily associated with Buddhist and Hindu religious art, characterized by the following features:

1. Sculptures: 

Mathura art is renowned for its sculptures made primarily of red sandstone. These sculptures often depict various deities, including Buddha, Vishnu, Shiva, and various goddesses, in serene and graceful poses.

2. Iconography: 

The sculptures in Mathura art style are characterized by round faces, full bodies with flowing drapery, and intricate jewelry and adornments. The figures typically exhibit a sense of calmness and spirituality.

3. Subjects: 

The art style includes depictions of mythological scenes, stories from the life of Buddha, Bodhisattvas, Yakshas, and Yakshinis, among others.

4. Influences: 

Mathura art style shows influences from Greco-Roman art, as well as indigenous Indian traditions. This blend results in a unique aesthetic that reflects both local and foreign artistic influences.

5. Architectural Context:

 While Mathura is more renowned for its sculptural tradition, its architectural elements can be seen in the ruins of ancient Buddhist stupas, monasteries (viharas), and temples. These structures often featured elaborate carvings and relief sculptures in the Mathura style.

Mathura art style flourished during the Gupta period and continued to influence art and sculpture in subsequent centuries across different parts of India. It represents an important chapter in the artistic history of India, showcasing the skill and creativity of ancient Indian artists in portraying spiritual and mythological themes.

Thank you for highlighting the importance of including Mathura art style in the discussion of Indian architectural and artistic traditions.