What are faecal caliform bacteria and why it's increasing in Ganges and Yamuna river in prayagraj during Mahakumbh

Fecal coliform bacteria are a group of bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), that are found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their presence in water indicates contamination by fecal matter, which can lead to waterborne diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid.

Why Is Fecal Coliform Increasing in the Ganges and Yamuna During Mahakumbh?

During the Mahakumbh in Prayagraj, millions of pilgrims gather to take a holy dip in the rivers. This massive human influx leads to:

1. Increased Human Waste Disposal –

 Temporary settlements (tents and camps) generate significant sewage, which may not be entirely treated before reaching the river.

2. Open Defecation & Improper Sanitation –

 Despite sanitation measures, many people still defecate in the open or use makeshift toilets near the riverbanks.

3. Bathing & Washing Activities –

 People washing clothes, using soaps, and even urinating in the river contribute to bacterial contamination.

4. Decomposing Organic Matter – 

Offerings like flowers, food, and ashes, along with human waste, decompose in the river, creating a favorable environment for bacteria.

5. Overburdened Sewage Treatment – 

Existing sewage treatment plants struggle to handle the sudden increase in waste, leading to untreated or partially treated sewage entering the river.

Consequences of High Fecal Coliform Levels

Increased risk of waterborne diseases among devotees.

Degradation of river water quality, making it unsafe for drinking and bathing.

Adverse effects on aquatic life due to increased organic pollution.

Possible Solutions

Strict enforcement of sanitation protocols and provision of adequate toilets.

Proper waste management to prevent direct sewage disposal into the rivers.

Temporary sewage treatment plants to manage the surge in human waste.

Public awareness campaigns to promote responsible waste disposal among pilgrims.

To address the surge in fecal coliform bacteria during the Mahakumbh in Prayagraj, several initiatives have been implemented to maintain the cleanliness and sanctity of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers:

1. Geo Tube-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant

A state-of-the-art treatment facility has been established in Salori, Prayagraj, to treat wastewater from 22 previously untreated city drains. This ₹55 crore plant utilizes advanced geo tube technology to remove approximately 40-50% of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and 80% of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) from sewage. Further purification is achieved through hydrogen peroxide treatment and ozonization, effectively eliminating harmful bacteria before the water is released back into the rivers. The plant commenced full operations on January 1, 2025. 

2. Deployment of Ganga Praharis

To ensure continuous monitoring and maintenance of river cleanliness, 500 dedicated 'Ganga Praharis' have been deployed across 25 ghats in Prayagraj. Operating in teams of 15-20, these individuals work in shifts around the clock to:

Conduct regular cleanliness drives, removing waste from the rivers and ghats.

Educate pilgrims on the importance of preserving river sanctity and discourage the disposal of waste into the water.

Assist devotees by providing guidance to facilities and ensuring their safety during bathing rituals.

This initiative not only maintains hygiene but also fosters community involvement in river conservation. 

3. Infrastructure Enhancements and Sanitation Measures

In preparation for the Mahakumbh, the Uttar Pradesh government has undertaken extensive infrastructure projects, including:

Construction over a 40 square kilometer area to accommodate the influx of pilgrims.

Installation of 30 pontoon bridges to facilitate movement.

Deployment of over 150,000 temporary toilets to manage waste effectively.

Engagement of approximately 20,000 workers dedicated to maintaining cleanliness and hygiene throughout the festival grounds.

These measures aim to prevent open defecation and ensure proper waste disposal, thereby reducing the contamination of river waters. 

Collectively, these efforts reflect a comprehensive approach to managing and mitigating the increase of fecal coliform bacteria during the Mahakumbh, ensuring the health and safety of millions of pilgrims while preserving the sacred rivers' sanctity.

Should we go for mahakumbh for bath?

Whether you should go for a bath at Mahakumbh depends on your priorities regarding faith, health, and environmental concerns. Here are some key points to consider:

Reasons to Go for a Holy Dip

1. Spiritual Significance – Mahakumbh is considered the holiest time for taking a dip in the Ganges, believed to wash away sins and provide spiritual benefits.

2. Once-in-a-Lifetime Experience – It happens every 12 years, making it a unique cultural and religious event.

3. Grand Festivity & Atmosphere – The event is a blend of devotion, culture, and history, attracting saints, pilgrims, and tourists worldwide.

4. Better Sanitation Measures – This year, improved water treatment and cleanliness efforts have been implemented.

Reasons to Be Cautious

1. High Fecal Coliform Levels – Despite efforts, the bacterial contamination in the Ganges and Yamuna may still pose health risks like infections or stomach issues.

2. Overcrowding – Millions of people gather, increasing risks of stampedes, infections, and difficulty accessing clean water and food.

3. Cold Weather – If you are not used to bathing in winter, sudden exposure to cold water can cause health issues, especially for children and elderly individuals.

4. Environmental Impact – With so many people participating, the river and surrounding areas face heavy pollution, which may counteract the cleanliness efforts.

Precautions If You Decide to Go

Choose early morning dips when water pollution is relatively lower.

Avoid swallowing river water to prevent infections.

Take a quick dip instead of staying in the water for too long.

Ensure you bathe in designated clean zones monitored by authorities.

Carry sanitizers, bottled water, and extra clothing to stay warm and hygienic.

As of February 18, 2025, the Maha Kumbh Mela in Prayagraj is ongoing, with millions of pilgrims participating in ritual baths at the confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Saraswati rivers. The festival, which began on January 13 and concludes on February 26, is expected to attract approximately 400 million visitors. 

In preparation for this massive gathering, authorities have implemented extensive infrastructure and sanitation measures:

Temporary City: A 40 square kilometer area has been developed to accommodate pilgrims, featuring necessary facilities and amenities. 

Sanitation Facilities: Approximately 150,000 temporary toilets have been installed to manage waste effectively. 

River Cleanliness Initiatives: 500 'Ganga Praharis' have been deployed across 25 ghats to maintain river sanctity and cleanliness. 

Despite these efforts, concerns about water quality persist. The Yamuna River, in particular, has faced significant pollution challenges, especially downstream of urban areas like New Delhi. While specific data on current fecal coliform levels during the festival are not readily available, historical issues with water contamination suggest that caution is advisable. 

Recommendations for Pilgrims Considering a Holy Dip:

Health Precautions: To minimize health risks, consider taking a quick dip rather than prolonged immersion, and avoid ingesting river water.

Stay Informed: Regularly check for official updates on water quality from local health authorities or festival organizers.

Personal Hygiene: Utilize the provided sanitation facilities and maintain personal hygiene to reduce the risk of waterborne illnesses.

Ultimately, the decision to participate in the ritual bath should balance spiritual significance with personal health considerations.

If faith and tradition are your primary reasons, you can go but with proper precautions. If health concerns outweigh the spiritual aspect for you, it might be better to visit but avoid bathing in the river.